Exemplis Discimus 2005, 149(1):29-41

Sed id tortor faucibus tortor mollis sagittis.

Chuumba Keela,b, Demaia Siskb
a Clinic of Psychiatry, Teaching Hospital of Coruscant, Republic of Sullust
b Department of Physical medicine and rehabilitation, University of Duro, Republic of Ord Mantell
Institute of Environmental Health Engineering, Bothan University Hospital, Republic of Taanab

Maecenas sed eros ut augue semper scelerisque. Etiam ipsum nibh, porta viverra, tincidunt ut, placerat et, augue. Morbi quis lorem sit amet mauris convallis vehicula. Fusce vitae turpis quis dui pharetra iaculis. Praesent at augue porttitor pede pellentesque porta. Nunc magna urna, ornare in, iaculis sit amet, accumsan at, nisi.. Fusce lectus tortor, ullamcorper non, consequat non, egestas ut, est. Nullam eget justo in quam condimentum feugiat.

Keywords: Ut et metus, Duis dictum, Donec vel orci, Phasellus metus, In tortor

Received: June 2, 2005; Accepted: June 24, 2005; Published: July 1, 2005 

Open full article

References

  1. Morazzoni P, Bombardelli E. (1995) Silybum marianum (Carduus marianus). Fitoterapia 64, 3-42.
  2. Šimánek V, Křen V, Ulrichová J, Vičar J, Cvak L. (2000) Silymarin: What is in the name? Hepatology 32, 442-443. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  3. Szilági I, Téténzi P, Antus S, Selingmann O, Chari VM, Seitz M, Wagner H. (1981) Structure of silandrin and silymonin. 2. New flavonolignans from a white blooming Silybum marianum variety. Planta Med 43, 121-127. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  4. Flora K, Hahn M, Rosen H, Benner K. (1998) Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) for the therapy of liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 93, 139-143. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  5. de Groot H, Rauen M. (1998) Tissue injury by reactive oxygen species and the protective effects of flavonoids. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 12, 249-255. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  6. Blumenthal M, Busse W. (1998) The complete german commission E monographs: Therapeutic guide to herbal medicines. American botanical council and integrative medicine communications, Austin, TX 1998, pp. 685-698.
  7. Fraschini F, Dermartini G, Esposti D. (2002) Pharmacology of silymarin. Clin Drug Invest 22, 51-65. Go to original source...
  8. Mulrow C, Lawrence V, Jacobs B. (2000) Milk thistle: Effects on liver disease and cirrhosis and clinical adverse effects. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 21 (Contract 290-97-0012, AHRQ Publication No. 01-E025. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/ milktsum.htm.
  9. Saller R, Meier R, Brignoli R. (2001) The use of silymarin in the treatment of liver diseases. Drugs 61, 2035-2063. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  10. Jacobs BP, Dennehy C, Ramirez G, Sapp J, Lawrence VA. (2002) Milk thistle for the treatment of liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med 113, 506-515. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  11. Anonymous. (1999) Adverse drug reactions advisory committee. An adverse reaction to the herbal medication milk thistle (Silybum marianum). Med J Aust 170, 218-219. Go to PubMed...
  12. Geier J, Fuchs TH, Wahl R. (1990) Anaphylactic shock due to an extract of Silybum marianum in a patient with immediate-type allergy to kiwi fruit. Allergologie 13, 387-388.
  13. Mironets VI, Krasovskayia EA. (1990) A case of urticaria during carsil treatment. Vrach Delo 7, 86-87. Go to PubMed...
  14. Vinh PQ, Sugie S, Tanaka T, Hara A, Yamada Y, Katayama M, Deguchi T, Mori H. (2002) Chemopreventive effects of a flavonoid antioxidant silymarin on N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamineinduced urinary bladder carcinogenesis in male ICR mice. Jpn J Cancer Res 93, 42-49. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  15. Kohno H, Tanaka T, Kawabata K, Hirose I, Sugie S, Tsuda H, Mori H. (2002) Silymarin, a naturally occurring polyphenolic antioxidant flavonoid, inhibits azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in male F344 rats. Int J Cancer 101, 461-468. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  16. Lahiri-Chatterjee M, Katiyar SK, Mohan RR, Agarwal R. (1999) A flavonoid antioxidant silymarin affords exceptionally high protection against tumor promotion in the SENCAR mouse skin tumorigenesis model. Cancer Res 59, 622-632. Go to PubMed...
  17. Agarwal R, Katiyar SK, Lundgren DW, Mukhtar H. (1994) Inhibitory effect of silymarin, an anti-hepatotoxic flavonoid, on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced epidermal ornitine decarboxylase activity and mRNA in SENCAR mice. Carcinogenesis 15, 1099-1103. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  18. Zhao J, Sharma Y, Agarwal RA. (1999) Flavonoid antioxidant, silymarin, affords significant inhibition against 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate-caused modulation of antioxidant and inflammatory enzymes, and cyclooxygenase 2 and interleukin-1a expression in SENCAR mouse epidermis: implications in the prevention of stage I tumor. Mol Carcinog 26, 321-333. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  19. Zhao J, Lahiri-Chatterjee M, Sharma Y, Agarwal R. (2000) Inhibitory effect of a flavonoid antioxidant silymarin on benzoyl peroxide- induced tumor promotion, oxidative stress and inflamatory responses in SENCAR mouse skin. Carcinogenesis 21, 811-816. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  20. Dorai T, Aggarwal BB. (2004) Role of chemopreventive agants in cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 215, 129-140. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  21. Ahmad N, Gali H, Javed S, Agarwal R. (1998) Skin cancer chemoprotective effects of a flavonoid antioxidant silymarin are mediated via impairment of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling and perturbation in cell cycle progression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 248, 294-301. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  22. Zi X, Mukhtar H, Agarwal R. (1997) Novel cancer chemopreventive effects of a flavonoid antioxidant silymarin: Inhibition of mRNA expression of an endogenous tumour promoter TNF. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 239, 334-339. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  23. Zi X, Feyes DK, Agarwal R. (1998) Anticarcinogenic effect of a flavonoid antioxidant, silymarin, in a human breast cancer cells MDAMB 468: Induction of G1 arrest through an increase in Cip1/p21 concomitant with a decrease in kinase activity of cyclin-dependent kinases and associated cyclins. Clin Cancer Res 4, 1055-1064. Go to PubMed...
  24. Zi X, Agarwal R. (1999) Modulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and cell cycle regulators by the potent skin cancer preventive agent silymarin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 263, 528-536. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  25. Singh RP, Tyangi AK, Zhao J, Agarwal R. (2002) Silymarin inhibits growth and causes regression of established skin tumors in SENCAR mice via modulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and induction of apoptosis. Carcinogenesis 23, 499-510. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  26. Singh RP, Agarwal R. (2002) Flavonoid antioxidant silymarin and skin cancer. Antioxid Redox Signal 4, 655-663. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  27. Kang SN, Lee MH, Kim K-M, Cho D, Kim TS. (2001) Induction of human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cell differentiation into monocytes by silibinin: involvement of protein kinase C. Biochem Pharmacol 61, 1487-1495. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  28. Zi X, Agarwal R. (1999) Silibinin decreases prostate-specific antigen with cell growth inhibition via G1 arrest, leading to differentiation of prostate carcinoma cells: implications for prostate cancer intervention. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96, 7490-7495. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  29. Bhatia N, Agarwal R. (2001) Detrimental effect of cancer preventive phytochemicals silymarin, genistenin and epigallocatechin 3- galate on epigenetic events in human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells. The Prostate 46, 98-107. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  30. Zi X, Zhang J, Agarwal R, Pollak M. (2000) Silibinin up-regulates insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 expression and inhibits proliferation of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 60, 5617-5620. Go to PubMed...
  31. Zhu W, Zhang J-S, Young YF. (2001) Silymarin inhibits function of the androgen receptor by reducing nuclear localization of the receptor in the human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Carcinogenesis 22, 1399-1403. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  32. Thelen P, Jarry H, Ringert R-H, Wuttke W. (2004) Silibinin downregulates prostate epithelium-derived Ets transcription factor in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Planta Med 70, 397-400. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  33. Jiang C, Agarwal R, Lu JX. (2000) Anti-angiogenic potential of a cancer chemopreventive flavonoid antioxidant, silymarin: Inhibition of key attributes of vascular endotelial cells and angiogenic cytokine secretion by cancer epitelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 276, 371-378. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  34. Gallo D, Giacomelli S, Ferlini C, Raspaglio G, Apollonio P, Prisley S, Riva A, Morazzoni P, Bombardelli E, Scambia G. (2003) Antitumour activity of the silybin-phosphatidylcholine complex IdB 1016, against human ovarian cancer. Eur J Cancer 39, 2403-2410. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  35. Ladas EJ, Kelly KM. (2003) Milk thistle: Is there a role for its use as an adjunct therapy in patients with cancer? J. Alternative and Complementary Med. 9, 411-416. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  36. Invernizzi R, Bernuzzi S, Ciani D, Ascari E. (1993) Silymarin during maintenance therapy of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Haematologica 78, 340-341. Go to PubMed...
  37. Scambia G, De Vincenzo R, Ranelletti FO, Panici PB, Ferrandina G, DAgostino G, Fattorossi A, Bombardelli E, Mancuso S. (1996) Antiproliferative effect of silybin on gynecological malignancies: Synergism with cisplatin and doxorubicin. Eur J Cancer 32A, 877-882. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  38. Giacomelli S, Gallo D, Apollonio P, Ferlini C, Distefano M, Morazzoni P, Riva A, Bombardelli E, Mancuso S, Scambia G. (2002) Silybin and its bioavailable complex (IdB 1016) potentiate in vitro and in vivo the activity of cisplatin. Life Sci 70, 1447-1459. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  39. Bokemeyer C, Fels LM, Dunn T, Voigt W, Gaedeke J, Schmoll H-J, Stolte H, Lentzen H. (1996) Silibinin protects against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity without compromising cisplatin or ifosfamide anti-tumour activity. Br J Cancer 74, 2036-2041. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  40. Kuhlmann MK, Horsch E, Burkhardt G, Wagner M, Kohler H. (1998) Reduction of cisplatin toxicity in cultured renal tubular cells by the bioflavonoid quercetin. Arch Toxicol 72, 536-540. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  41. Tyagi AK, Agarwal C, Chan DCF, Agarwal R. (2003) Synergistic anti-cancer effects of silibinin with conventional cytotoxic agents doxorubicin, cisplatin and carboplatin against human breast carcinoma MCF-7 and MDA-MB468 cells. Oncol Rep 11, 493-499. Go to PubMed...
  42. Piscitelli SC, Formentini E, Burstein AH, Alfaro R, Jagannatha S, Falloon J. (2002) Effect of milk thistle on the pharmacokinetics of indinavir in healthy volunteers. Pharmacotherapy 22, 551-556. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  43. DiCenzo R, Shelton M, Jordan K, Koval C, Forrest A, Reichman R, Morse G. (2003) Coadministration of milk thistle and indinavir in healthy subjects. Pharmacotherapy 23, 866-870. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  44. Soose M. (1994) Properties of silybin and of antioxidants against adriamycin cytotoxicity in a unicellular eukaryote Tetrahymena thermophila. Eur J Protistol 30, 394-403. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  45. Wang MJ, Lin WW, Chen HL, Chang YH, Ou HC, Kuo JS, Hong JS, Jeng KCG. (2002) Silymarin protects dopaminergic neurons against lipopolysaccharide-induced neurotoxicity by inhibiting microglia activation. Eur J Neurosci 16, 2103-2112. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  46. Kittur S, Wilasrusmee S, Pedersen WA, Mattson MP, Straube-West K, Wilasrusmee C, Jubelt B, Kittur DS. (2002) Neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) on neurons in culture. J Molec Neurosci 18, 265-269. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  47. Schroeter H, Williams RJ, Matin R, Iversen L, Rice-Evans CA. (2000) Phenolic antioxidants attenuate neuronal cell death following uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Free Radic Biol Med 29, 1222-1233. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  48. La Grange L, Wang M, Watkins R, Ortiz D, Sanchez ME, Konst J, Lee C, Reyes E. (1999) Protective effects of the flavonoid mixture, silymarin, on fetal rat brain and liver. J Ethnopharmacol 65, 53-61. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  49. Mazzio E, Huber J, Darling S, Harris N, Soliman KFA. (2001) Effect of antioxidants on L-glutamate and N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion induced-neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. Neurotoxicology 22, 283-288. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  50. Sakai K, Li Y, Shirakawa T, Kitagawa Y, Hirose G. (2001) Induction of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules on human neuroblastoma line cells by a flavonoid antioxidant. Neurosci Lett 298, 127-130. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  51. Soto C, Perez BL, Favari LP, Reyes JL. (1998) Prevention of alloxan- induced diabetes mellitus in the rat by silymarin. Comp Biochem Physiol C 119, 125-129. Go to PubMed...
  52. Soto C, Recoba R, Barron H, Alvarez C, Favari L. (2003) Silymarin increases antioxidant enzymes in alloxan-induced diabetes in rat pancreas. Comp Biochem Physiol C 136, 205-212.
  53. Soto C, Mena R, Luna J, Cerbon M, Larrieta E, Vital P, Uria E, Sanchez M, Recoba R, Barron H, Favari L, Larag A. (2004) Silymarin induces recovery of pancreatic function after alloxan damage in rats. Life Sci 75, 2167-2180. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  54. Matsuda T, Ferreri K, Todorov I, Kuroda Y, Smith CV, Kandeel F, Mullen Y. (2005) Silymarin protects pancreatic -cells against cytokine- mediated toxicity: Implication of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription pathways. Endocrinology 146, 175-185. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  55. Kang JS, Jeon YJ, Park SK, Yang KH, Kim HM. (2004) Protection against lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis and inhibition of interleukin- 1 and prostaglandin E2 synthesis by silymarin. Biochem Pharmacol 67, 175-181. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  56. Cho JY, Kim PS, Park J, Yoo ES, Baik KU, Kim YK, Park MH. (2000) Inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor- production in lipopolysaccharide- stimulated RAW264.7 cells from Amorpha fruticosa. J Ethnopharmacol 70, 127-133. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  57. von Schönfeld J, Weisbrod B, Müller MK. (1997) Silibinin, a plant extract with antioxidant and membrane stabilizing properties, protects exocrine pancreas from cyclosporin A toxicity. Cell Mol Life Sci 53, 917-920. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  58. Maghrani M, Zeggwagh NA, Lemhadri A, El Amraoui M, Michel JB, Eddouks M. (2004) Study of the hypoglycaemic activity of Fraxinus excelsior and Silybum marianum in an animal model of type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Ethnopharmacol 91, 309-316. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  59. Cruz T, Gálvez J, Crespo E, Ocete MA, Zarzuelo A. (2001) Effects of silymarin on the acute stage of the trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid model of rat colitis. Planta Med 67, 94-96. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  60. Kim D-H, Jin Y-H, Park J-B, Kobashi K. (1994) Silymarin and its components are inhibitors of -glucuronidase. Biol Pharm Bull 17, 443-445. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  61. Yang SH, Lin JK, Chen WS, Chiu JH. (2003) Anti-angiogenic effect of silymarin on colon cancer LoVo cell line. J Surgical Res 113, 133-138. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  62. Agarwal C, Singh RP, Dhanalakshmi S, Tyagi AK, Tecklenburg M, Sclafani RA, Agarwal R. (2003) Silibinin upregulates the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and causes cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human colon carcinoma HT-29 cells. Oncogene 22, 8271-8282. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  63. Ahlenstiel T, Burkhardt G, Köhler H, Kuhlmann MK. (2003) Bioflavonoids attenuate renal proximal tubular cell injury during cold preservation in Euro-Collins and University of Wisconsin solutions. Kidney Int 63, 554-563. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  64. Sonnenbichler J, Scalera F, Sonnenbichler I, Weyhenmeyer R. (1999) Stimulatory effects of silibinin and silicristin from the milk thistle Silybum marianum on kidney cells. J Pharm Exp Ther 290, 1375-1383. Go to PubMed...
  65. Rastogi R, Srivastava AK, Rastogi AK. (2001) Long term effect of aflatoxin B1 on lipid peroxidation in rat liver and kidney: Effect of picroliv and silymarin. Phytother Res 15, 307-310. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  66. He QR, Kim J, Sharma RP. (2002) Silymarin protects against liver damage in BALB/c mice exposed to fumonisin B-1 despite increasing accumulation of free sphingoid bases. Toxicol Sci 90, 268-277.
  67. Dietzmann J, Thiel U, Ansorge S, Neumann KH, Tager M. (2002) Thiol-inducing and immunoregulatory effects of flavonoids in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with end-stage diabetic nephropathy. Free Radical Biol Med 33, 1347-1354. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  68. Vereckei AS, Blázovics A, György I, Fehér E, Tóth M, Szénási G, Zsinka ÁJN, Földiák G, Fehér J. (1993) The role of free radicals in the pathogenesis of amiodarone toxicity. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 4, 161-177. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  69. Vereckei AS, Besch HR, Zipes DP. (2003) Combined amiodarone and silymarin treatment, but not amiodarone alone, prevents sustained atrial flutter in dogs. J. Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 14, 861-867. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  70. Ágoston M, Örsi F, Feher E, Hagymási K, Orosz Z, Blázovics A, Fehér J, Vereckei A. (2003) Silymarin and vitamin E reduce amiodarone- induced lysosomal phospholipidosis in rats. Toxicology 190, 231-241. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  71. Ágoston M, Cabello R-G, Blázovics A, Fehér J, Vereckei A. (2001) The effect of amiodarone and/or antioxidant treatment on splenocyte blast transformation. Clin Chim Acta 303, 87-94. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  72. Gyonos I, Ágoston M, Kovacs A, Szénási G, Vereckei A. (2001) Silymarin and vitamin E do not attenuate and vitamin E might even enhance the antiarrhytmic activity of amidarone in a rat reperfusion arrhytmia model. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 15, 233-235. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  73. Chlopčíková A, Psotová J, Miketová P, Šimánek V. (2004) Chemoprotective effect of plant phenolics against anthracycline-induced toxicity on rat cardiomyocytes. Part I. Silymarin and its flavonolignans. Phytoterapy Res 18, 107-110. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  74. Psotová J, Chlopčíková S, Grambal F, Šimánek V, Ulrichová J. (2002) Influence of silymarin and its flavonolignans on doxorubicin- iron induced lipid peroxidation in rat heart microsomes and mitochondria in comparison with quercetin. Phytother Res 16, S63-S67. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  75. Singh RP, Mallikarjuna GU, Sharma G, Dhanalakshmi S, Tyagi AK, Chan DCF, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. (2004) Oral silibinin inhibits lung tumor growth in athymic nude mice and forms a novel chemocombination with doxorubicin targeting nuclear factor B-mediated inducible chemoresistance. Clin Canc Res 10, 8641-8647. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  76. Chu SC, Chiu HL, Chen PN, Yang SF, Hsieh YS. (2004) Silibinin inhibits the invasion of human lung cancer cells via decreased productions of urokinase-plasminogen activator and matrix metalloproteinase- 2. Molec Carcinogen 40, 143-149. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  77. Breschi MC, Martinotti E, Apostoliti F, Nieri P. (2002) Protective effect of silymarin in antigen challenge- and histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in in vivo guinea-pigs. Eur J Pharmacol 437, 91-95. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  78. Katiar SK. (2005) Silymarin and skin cancer prevention: Antiinflammatory, antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects. Int J Oncol 26, 169-176. Go to PubMed...
  79. Afaq F, Adhami VM, Ahmad N, Mukhtar H. (2002) Botanical antioxidants for chemoprevention of photocarcinogenesis. Front Biosci 7, 784-92. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  80. Katiyar SK, Korman NJ, Mukhtar H, Agarwal R. (1997) Protective effects of silymarin against photocarcinogenesis in a mouse skin model. J Natl Cancer Inst 89, 556-66. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  81. Mallikarjuna G, Dhanalakshmi S, Singh RP, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. (2004) Silibinin protects against photocarcinogenesis via modulation of cell cycle regulators, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and Akt signaling. Cancer Res 64, 6349-6356. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  82. Svobodová A, Psotová J, Walterová D. (2005) Flavonolignans prevent UVA-induced cytotoxicity in human keratinocytes. J Photochem Photobiol - submitted
  83. Katiyar SK. (2002) Treatment of silymarin, a plant flavonoid, prevents ultraviolet light-induced immune suppression and oxidative stress in mouse skin. Int J Oncol 21, 1213-1222. Go to PubMed...
  84. Lahiri-Chatterjee M, Agarwal R, Mukhtar H. (1996) Ultraviolet B radiation-induced DNA lesions in mouse epidermis: An assessment using a novel 32P-postlabelling technique. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 229, 590-595. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  85. Mohan S, Dhanalakshmi S, Mallikarjuna GU, Singh RP, Agarwal R. (2004) Silibinin modulates UVB-induced apoptosis via mitochondrial proteins, caspases activation, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 320, 183-189. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  86. Dhanalakshmi S, Mallikarjuna GU, Singh RP, Agarwal R. (2004) Dual efficacy of silibinin in protecting or enhancing ultraviolet B radiation-caused apoptosis in HaCaT human immortalized keratinocytes. Carcinogenesis 25, 99-106. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  87. Goodin MG, Fertuck KC, Zacharewski TR, Rosengren RJ. (2002) Estrogen receptor-mediated actions of polyphenolic catechins in vivo and in vitro. Toxicol Sci 69, 354-361. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  88. Han D-H, Denison MS, Tachibana H, Yamada K. (2002) Relationship between estrogen receptor-binding and estrogenic activities of environmental estrogens and suppression by flavonoids. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 66, 1479-1487. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  89. Mueller SO, Simon S, Chae K, Metzler M, Korach KS. (2004) Phytoestrogens and their human metabolites show distinct agonistic and antagonistic properties on estrogen receptor (ER ) and ER in human cells. Toxicol Sci 80, 14-25. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  90. Seidlová-Wuttke D, Becker T, Christoffel V, Jarry H, Wuttke W. (2003) Silymarin is a selective estrogen receptor (ER ) agonist and has estrogenic effects in the metaphysis of the femur but no or antiestrogenic effects in uterus of ovariectomized (ovx) rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 86, 179-188. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  91. Kummer V, Mašková J, Čanderle J, Zralý Z, Neča J, Machala M. (2001) Estrogenic effects of silymarin in ovariectomized rats. Vet Med-Czech 46, 17-23.
  92. Plíšková M, Vondráček J, Křen V, Gažák R, Sedmera P, Walterová D, Psotová J, Šimánek V, Machala M. (2005) Effects of silymarin flavonolignans and synthetic silybin derivatives on estrogen and aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation. Toxicology - in press Go to original source...
  93. Zhou SF, Lim LY, Chowbay B. (2004) Herbal modulation of P-glycoprotein. Drug Metab Rev 36, 1-48. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  94. Zhang SH, Morris ME. (2003) Effects of the flavonoids biochanin A, morin, phloretin, and silymarin on P-glycoprotein-mediated transport. J Pharm Exp Ther 304, 1258-1267. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  95. Tyagi AK, Singh RP, Agarwal C, Chan DC, Agarwal R. (2002) Silibinin strongly synergizes human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells to doxorubicin-induced growth inhibition, G2-M arrest, and apoptosis. Clin Cancer Res 8, 3512-3519. Go to PubMed...
  96. Maitrejean M, Comte G, Barron D, El Kirat K, Gwenaelle C, Di Pietro A. (2000) The flavanolignan silybin and its hemisynthetic derivatives, a novel series of potential modulators of P-glycoprotein. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 10, 157-160. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  97. Džubák P, Hajduch M, Gažák R, Walterová D, Svobodová A, Psotová J, Sedmera P, Křen V. (2005) New derivatives of silybin and 2,3-dehydrosilybin and their cytotoxic and P-glycoprotein modulatory activity. Bioorg Med Chem - submitted
  98. Beckmann-Knopp S, Rietbrock S, Weyhenmeyer R, Bocker RH, Beckurts KT, Lang W, Hunz M, Fuhr U. (2000) Inhibitory effects of silibinin on cytochrome P-450 enzymes in human liver microsomes. Pharmacol Toxicol 86, 250-256. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  99. Pérez-Victoria JM, Pérez-Victoria FJ, Conseil G, Maitrejean M, Comte G, Barron D, DiPietro A, Castanys S, Gamarro F. (2001) High-affinity binding of silybin derivatives to the nucleotide-binding domain of a Leishmania tropica P-glycoprotein-like transporter and chemosenzitization of a multidrug-resistant parasite to daunomycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45, 439-446. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  100. Nguyen H, Zhang SZ, Morris ME. (2002) Effect of flavonoids on MRP1-mediated transport in Panc-1 cells. J Pharm Sci 92, 250-257. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  101. Leslie EM, Mao Q, Oleschuk CJ, Deeley RG, Cole SPC. (2001) Modulation of multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1/ABCC1) transport and ATPase activities by interaction with dietary flavonoids. Molecular Pharmacol 59, 171-1180.
  102. Stermitz FR, Tawara-Matsuda J, Lorenz P, Mueller P, Zenewicz L, Lewis K. (2000) 5-Methoxyhydnocarpin-D and pheophorbide A: Berberis species components that potentiate berberine growth inhibition of resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Nat Prod 63, 1146-1149. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  103. Stermitz FR, Beeson TD, Mueller PJ, Hsiang J-F, Lewis K. (2001) Staphylococcus aureus MDR efflux pump inhibitors from a Berberis and a Mahonia (sensu stricto) species. Biochem System Ecol 29, 793-798. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  104. Guz NR, Starmitz FR, Johnson JB, Beson TD, Willen S, Hsiang J-F, Lewis K. (2001) Flavonolignan and flavone inhibitors of a Staphylococcus aureus multidrug resistance pump: Structure-activity relationships. J Med Chem 44, 261-268. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  105. Mäser P, Vogel D, Schmid C, Räz B, Kaminski R. (2001) Identification and characterization of trypanocides by functional expression of an adenosine transporter from Trypanosoma brucei in yeast. J Mol Med 79, 121-127. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  106. Saliou C, Rihn B, Cillard J, Okamoto T, Packer L. (1998) Selective inhibition of NF-B activation by the flavonoid hepatoprotector silymarin in HepG2. FEBS Lett 440, 8-12. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  107. Saliou C, Valacchi G, Rimbach G. (2001) Assessing bioflavonoids as regulators of NF-B activity and inflammatory gene expression in mammalian cells. Meth Enz 335, 380-386. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  108. Manna SK, Mukhopadhyay A, Van NT, Aggarwal BB. (1999) Silymarin suppresses TNF-induced activation of NF-B, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and apoptosis. J Immunol 163, 6800-6809. Go to PubMed...
  109. Yoo HG, Jung SN, Hwang YS, Park JS, Kim MH, Jeong M, Ahn SJ, Ahn BW, Shin BA, Park RK, Jung YD. (2004) Involvement of NF-B and caspases in silibinin-induced apoptosis of endothelial cells. Int J Molec Med 13, 81-86. Go to PubMed...
  110. Dhanalakshmi S, Singh RP, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. (2002) Silibinin inhibits constitutive and TNF alpha-induced activation of NF-alpha B and sensitizes human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells to TNF alpha-induced apoptosis. Oncogene 21, 1759-1767. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  111. Kang JS, Park SK, Yang KH, Kim HM. (2002) Silymarin inhibits TNF--induced expression of adhesion molecules in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. FEBS Lett 550, 89-93. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  112. Ding T-M, Tian S-J, Zhang Z-X, Gu D-Z, Chen Y-F, Shi Y-H, Sun Z-P. (2001) Determination of active component in silymarin by RP-LC and LC/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 26, 155-161. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  113. Křen V, Sedmera P, Kubisch J, Halada P, Přikrylová V, Jegorov A, Cvak L, Gebhardt R, Ulrichová J, Šimánek V. (1997) Glycosylation of silybin. J Chem Soc, Perkin 1 1997, 2467-2474. Go to original source...
  114. Lee DYW, Liu YZ. (2003) Molecular structure and stereochemistry of silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A, and isosilybin B, isolated from Silybum marianum (Milk thistle). J Nat Prod 66, 1171-1174. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  115. Kim NC, Graf TN, Sparacino CM, Wani MC, Wall ME. (2003) Complete isolation and characterization of silybins and isosilybins from milk thistle (Silybum marianum). Org Biomol Chem 1, 1684- 1689. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  116. Weyhenmeyer R, Mascher H, Birkmayer J. (1992) Study on dose- -linearity of the pharmacokinetics of silibinin diastereomers using a new stereospecific assay. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 30, 134-138. Go to PubMed...
  117. Křen V, Ulrichová J, Kosina P, Stevenson D, Sedmera P, Přikrylová V, Halada P, Šimánek V. (2000) Chemoenzymatic preparation of silybine -glucuronide and their biological evaluation. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 28, 1513-1517. Go to PubMed...
  118. Braatz R, Gurler K, Bergish G, Halbach G, Soicke H, Schmidt K. (1985) Czech. Patent 273610, 1985; Chem. Abstr. 1985, 105, P127476b).
  119. Kubisch J, Sedmera P, Halada P, Gažák R, Škottová N, Šimánek V, Křen V. (2001) Chemoenzymatic preparation of oligoglycosides of silybin, the flavonolignan from Silybum marianum. Heterocycles 53, 901-915.
  120. Škottová N, Švagera Z, Večeřa R, Urbánek K, Jegorov A, Šimánek V. (2001) Pharmacokinetic study of iodine-labeled silibinins in rat. Pharm Res 44, 247-253. Go to original source...
  121. Gažák R, Svobodová A, Psotová J, Sedmera P, Přikrylová V, Walterová D, Křen V. (2004) Oxidised derivatives of silybin and their antiradical and antioxidant activity. Bioorg Med Chem 12, 5677-5687. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  122. Rodriguez RJ, Miranda CL, Stevens JF, Deinzer ML, Buhler DR. (2001) Influence of prenylated and non-prenylated flavonoids on liver microsomal lipid peroxidation and oxidative injury in rat hepatocytes. Food Chem Toxicol 39, 437-445. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  123. Křen V, Minghetti A, Sedmera P, Havlíček V, Přikrylová V, Crespi- Perellino N. (1998) Glucosylation of silybin by plant cell cultures of Papaver somniferum var. setigerum. Phytochemistry 47, 217-220. Go to original source...
  124. Kosina P, Křen V, Gebhardt R, Grambal F, Ulrichová J, Walterová D. (2001) Antioxidant properties of silybin glycosides. Phytother Res 15, 1-7. Go to PubMed...
  125. Šimánek V, Walterová D, Vičar J, Urbaníková J, Křen V, Modrianský M, Škottová N, Ulrichová J. (2001) Silymarin, extract from the milk thistle (Silybum marianum) - medicine or a nutraceutics? Česká a Slovenská Farmacie 50, 66-69. Go to PubMed...
  126. Zhang SZ, Morris ME. (2003) Effect of the flavonoids biochanin A and silymarin on the P-glycoprotein-mediated transport of digoxin and vinblastine in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Pharm Res 20, 1184-1191. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  127. Zuber R, Modrianský M, Dvořák Z, Rohovský P, Ulrichová J, Šimánek V, Anzenbacher P. (2002) Effect of silybin and its congeners on human liver microsomal cytochrome P450 activities. Phytother Res 16, 632-638. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  128. Kosina P, Maurel P, Ulrichová J, Dvořák Z. (2005) Effect of silybin and its glycosides on the expression of cytochromes P450 1A2 and 3A4 in primary cultures of human hepatocytes. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 19, 149-153. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  129. Svobodova A, Psotova J, Walterova D. (2004) Natural phenolics in the prevention of UV-induced skin damage. Biomed Papers 147, 137-145. Go to original source...

Return to the content